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In addition, it did not require separate RAM chips for video RAM, while the PET and TRS-80 had SRAM chips for video.

This arrangement simultaneously eliminated the need for a separate refresh circuit for DRAM chips, as video transfer accessed each row of dynamic memory within the timeout period.

Taking advantage of the way the 6502 processor accesses memory: it occurs only on alternate phases of the clock cycle video generation circuitry memory access on the otherwise unused phase avoids memory contention issues and interruptions of the video stream.

The Apple II used peculiar engineering shortcuts to save hardware and reduce costs, such as: In the May 1977 issue of Byte, Steve Wozniak published a detailed description of his design the article began, "To me, a personal computer should be small, reliable, convenient to use, and inexpensive." After designing hardware arcade games, I knew that being able to program them in BASIC was going to change the world." Overview It was the most satisfying day of my life I demonstrated Breakout-totally written in BASIC. Wozniak said in 1984: "Basically, all the game features were put in just so I could show off the game I was familiar with- Breakout-at the Homebrew Computer Club.

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This included his design of color graphics circuitry, the addition of game paddle support and sound, and graphics commands in Integer BASIC, with which he wrote Brick Out, a software clone of his own hardware game. Ĭertain aspects of the system's design were influenced by Atari's arcade video game Breakout (1976), which was designed by Wozniak, who said: "A lot of features of the Apple II went in because I had designed Breakout for Atari. Perhaps most significantly, the Apple II was a catalyst for personal computers across many industries it opened the doors to software marketed at consumers. To reflect the computer's color graphics capability, the Apple logo on the casing had rainbow stripes, which remained a part of Apple's corporate logo until early 1998. The original retail price of the computer with 4 KiB of RAM was $1,298 (equivalent to $5,543 in 2020) and $2,638 (equivalent to $11,266 in 2020) with the maximum 48 KB of RAM.

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The video controller displayed 24 lines by 40 columns of monochrome, uppercase-only text on the screen (the original character set matches ASCII characters 20 h to 5F h), with NTSC composite video output suitable for display on a TV monitor or on a regular TV set (by way of a separate RF modulator). The first computers went on sale on J with an MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1.022,727 MHz ( 2⁄ 7 of the NTSC color carrier), two game paddles (bundled until 1980, when they were found to violate FCC regulations), 4 KiB of RAM, an audio cassette interface for loading programs and storing data, and the Integer BASIC programming language built into ROMs. The earliest Apple II computers were assembled in Silicon Valley and later in Texas printed circuit boards were manufactured in Ireland and Singapore.

10 Third-party devices and applicationsīy 1976, Steve Jobs had convinced product designer Jerry Manock (who had formerly worked at Hewlett Packard designing calculators) to create the "shell" for the Apple II-a smooth case inspired by kitchen appliances that concealed the internal mechanics.

#Cleaner mac disck inve serial

Parallel port card (Apple and third party) Serial port card (Apple and third party) SCSI Apple II in a common 1977 configuration, with a 9" monochrome monitor, game paddles, and a Red Book-recommended Panasonic RQ-309DS cassette deckĤKiB, 8KiB, 12KiB, 16KiB, 20KiB, 24KiB, 32KiB, 36KiB, 48KiB, or 64KiBġ-bit cassette input (built-in microphone jack)ġ-bit cassette output (built-in headphone jack)